1.全球消费趋同：测量，前因及后果

原标题：Consumption convergence across countries: measurement, antecedents, and consequences.

期刊：Journal of International Business Studies

作者：Ozturk, A., Cavusgil, S.T. & Ozturk, O.C.

出版时间：2021

DOI：10.1057/s41267-020-00334-w

摘要：各国消费者在产品类别上的消费是否随时间推移变得越来越相似？如果有，消费趋同的前因后果是什么？该问题引发了管理者和学者的广泛关注。为回答以上问题，本文提出了一种新颖的实证框架，包括：（1）一种新的消费趋同度量方法（预算分配差距），（2）一个将消费趋同与其前因后果联系起来的计量经济学模型。本文实证分析（使用1990年至2017年期间来自71个国家21个产品类别的数据）表明，总体上各国的消费模式逐渐趋同。然而，消费趋同的速度随时间推移逐渐放缓。本文还发现，消费趋同受技术进步、对外贸易开放度和种群多样性等以往未被充分探索的因素的影响。本文的实践启示是消费趋同程度越高、市场集中度也越高，对于制定全球营销战略和审计、全球需求预测、国际市场细分和渗透以及全球竞争等方面具有重要启示。

Abstract：Are consumers across countries becoming more similar over time in terms of their spending across product categories? If so, what are the antecedents and consequences of convergence in consumption? These questions are of interest to scholars and managers alike. To examine them, we propose a novel empirical framework that encompasses: (1) a new measure of consumption convergence (budget allocation gap), and (2) an econometric model that links consumption convergence to its antecedents and consequences of convergence. Our empirical analyses – using data from 71 countries in 21 product categories between 1990 and 2017 – suggest that, overall, consumption patterns have been converging across countries. Yet, the speed of consumption convergence has been decelerating over time. We also show that consumption convergence is influenced by several previously unexplored antecedents, including technological advances, inward trade openness, and ethnic diversity. Of direct interest to managers and policymakers is the finding that the higher the level of consumption convergence, the higher the market concentration. These findings offer key implications for scholars, managers, and policymakers regarding global marketing strategy and audit, global demand forecasting, international market segmentation and penetration, and global competition.

2.通用电气的颠覆性创新

原标题：How GE Is Disrupting Itself

期刊：Harvard Business Review,

作者：Immelt, J. R., Govindarajan, V., & Trimble, C.

出版时间：2009

摘要：几十年来，通用电气和其他总部位于发达国家的工业产品制造商通过在母国开发高端产品并向全球销售，从而实现了增长，也即“全球本土化”（glocalization）。而现在，策略转变为将专门为新兴市场开发的低端产品引入发达市场，也即“反向创新”（reverse innovation）。反向创新需要以本地市场为重点的分散化结构，这与跨国公司为了实现“全球本土化”而形成的以产品为中心的集中化结构相冲突。通用电气的首席执行官Jeffrey Immelt与Dartmouth’s Tuck School of Business的Vijay Govindarajan和Charles Trimble描述了通用电气是如何应对这一挑战的。通用电气医疗保健部门提供了新现象。由于中国的贫困农村诊所无力购买该公司复杂的超声波设备，一支当地团队利用配备了特殊外围设备和软件的笔记本电脑，设计出了一种廉价、便携的超声波设备。它不仅在中国大受欢迎，而且通过在事故现场等对便携性要求较高的情况下率先应用新技术，推动了其随后发达国家的发展。团队之所以能够成功，是因为有一位高管大力支持并赋予了它前所未有的自主权。此后，通用电气在发展中国家设立了十几个类似的项目，旨在扩大业务范围，并在新兴巨头进入国内市场之前抢占先机。

Abstract：For decades, General Electric and other industrial-goods manufacturers based in rich countries grew by developing high-end products at home and distributing them globally, with some adaptations to local conditions—an approach known as glocalization. Now they must do an about-face and learn to bring low-end products created specifically for emerging markets into wealthy markets. That process, called reverse innovation, isn’t easy to master. It requires a decentralized, local-market focus that clashes with the centralized, product-focused structure that multinationals have evolved for glocalization. In this article, Immelt, GE’s CEO, and Govindarajan and Trimble, of Dartmouth’s Tuck School of Business, describe how GE has dealt with that challenge. An anomaly within the ultrasound unit of GE Healthcare provided the blueprint. Because China’s poorly funded rural clinics couldn’t afford the company’s sophisticated ultrasound machines, a local team built a cheap, portable ultrasound out of a laptop equipped with special peripherals and software. It not only became a hit in China but jump-started growth in the developed world by pioneering applications for situations where portability is critical, such as at accident sites. The team succeeded because a top executive championed it and gave it unprecedented autonomy. GE has since set up more than a dozen similar operations in an effort to expand beyond the premium segments in developing countries—and to preempt emerging giants from disrupting GE’s sales at home.

3.以低预算刺激消费：来自COVID-19期间大规模政策实验的证据

原标题：Stimulating Consumption at Low Budget: Evidence from a Large-scale Policy Experiment amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

期刊：Management Science

作者：Qiao Liu, Qiaowei Shen, Zhenghua Li, Shu Chen

出版时间：2009

摘要：本文构建了基于百万级个人详细交易记录的新颖面板数据，来研究中国政府发行的大规模数字优惠券计划对消费者支出的影响。利用双重差分法，本文发现数字优惠券在刺激消费方面非常有效。1元政府补贴可以带动3.4元至5.8元的超额消费，且不会因跨期效应而下滑。并且这种效应在多个券息发行浪潮中持续存在。在解释结果时，本文发现了包含心理账户和损失厌恶的行为模型能够解释实证结果。本文通过将行为因素纳入公共政策设计和实施，为当前关于经济复苏的成本效益政策工具的讨论提供了参考。

Abstract: We use a novel panel with detailed transaction records of more than one million de-identified individuals to study the effect of a large-scale Chinese government-issued digital coupon program on consumer spending. Exploiting a difference-in-differences approach, we find that the digital coupon is highly effective in stimulating consumption. An effective government subsidy of RMB 1 can drive excess spending of RMB 3.4 to RMB 5.8, and the effect persists across multiple coupon issuance waves. In explaining the results, we find that a behavioral model with mental accounting and loss aversion can match the empirical evidence from the field.  Our analysis, by illustrating the importance of embedding behavioral factors into the design and implementation of public policy, informs the current debate about cost-effective policy tools to recover the economy

4.劳动力成本上升与高科技企业创业——来自工商注册信息大数据的证据

期刊：经济研究

作者：彭俞超，吴琬婷，李建军

出版时间：2024

摘要：中国劳动力成本上升对实体经济发展产生了一定的负面作用，昭示着人口红利的消退。然而，劳动力成本上升可能也会有积极的一面，比如促进地区创业结构升级。本文利用2000—2017年间中国企业工商注册信息的三千多万条文本大数据，利用自然语言处理方法构建了地区创业类型相关指标，重点考察了最低工资上涨对高科技创业的影响。研究表明，最低工资上涨对高科技企业创业具有显著的促进作用，尤其对“进入壁垒”较低领域的高科技创业影响更为显著。其主要机制在于，最低工资上涨导致劳动密集型创业项目的利润率下降，使得创业者更倾向于选择劳动力成本不敏感的高科技创业项目。进一步分析表明，最低工资上涨对高科技创业的正向效应在经济落后和经营环境欠佳的地区更为明显，符合“波特假说”。本文结果揭示了最低工资上涨的一种“筛选效应”，即促使创业者选择依赖高技能劳动的高科技项目，从而有助于经济高质量发展。