1. 质量认证影响用户生成评级

原标题：Quality Certifications Influence User-Generated Ratings

期刊：Journal of Consumer Research

作者：Matt Meister, Nicholas Reinholtz

出版时间：2025-03-01

DOI：10.1093/jcr/ucaf008

摘要：

平台提供各种认证，向潜在消费者展示其产品的质量。例如，Airbnb.com将一些主机指定为“超级主机”，以区分提供卓越体验的物业。平台还提供用户生成的评级，通常是从客户那里为同样的目的获得并呈现为“明星评级”。这项研究调查了这些质量信号的相互作用，并提出了平台提供的认证的潜在不利之处：它们会降低后续评级。在Airbnb.com对超过150万个评级的分析和三项后续研究中，我们发现，具有超长名称的房产的评级较低。我们通过几种方式评估这一结果的稳健性，包括将Airbnb的评级与Vrbo相同属性的评级进行比较。在三个后续实验中，我们发现认证的净效应会导致选择份额降低：信号质量的正效应被评级降低的负效应所抵消。这表明消费者在选择时没有充分意识到质量认证对评级的这种影响。

Abstract: 

Platforms present various certifications to signal the quality of their offerings to prospective consumers. For example, Airbnb. com designates some hosts as “Superhosts” to distinguish properties that provide superior experiences. Platforms also present user-generated ratings—typically elicited and presented as “star ratings”—from their customers for the same purpose. This research investigates the interaction of these signals of quality and suggests a potential downside to platform-provided certifications: They decrease subsequent ratings. In an analysis of over 1,500,000 ratings from Airbnb. com and three follow-up studies, we find that properties with the superhost designation receive lower ratings. We assess the robustness of this result in several ways, including comparing ratings on Airbnb with those for the same property of Vrbo. In three follow-up experiments, we find that the net effect of certifications can lead to reduced choice share: The positive effect of signaling quality is more than offset by the negative effect of reduced ratings. This suggests that consumers are not sufficiently aware of this effect of quality certifications on ratings when choosing.

2. 内生产品信息定位拍卖：直播广告为何蓬勃发展

原标题：Position Auctions with Endogenous Product Information: Why Live-Streaming Advertising Is Thriving

期刊：Management Science

作者：Ying-Ju Chen, Guillermo Gallego, Pin Gao, Yang Li

出版时间：2025-03-11

DOI：10.1287/mnsc.2021.01299

摘要：

电商流媒体直播广告一路飙升，亚马逊和阿里巴巴都采用这种新颖的营销模式，通过流媒体直播视频连续展示不同产品，吸引消费者。本文采用一种机制设计框架，将直播电商建模为产品信息内生提供的仓位拍卖。我们证明，找到同时优化仓位配置和信息提供的机制是NP难的。因此，我们开发了几种近似算法。基于与订单选择问题的联系，我们的分析确定，在最坏的情况下，仅依赖于产品信息提供的启发式算法可以实现高达66.9%的最优收入。相比之下，仅利用仓位分配的启发式可能会导致任意大的收入损失。我们将产品信息提供的有效性归因于其在头寸拍卖中提升了广告点的价值。我们的发现表明，与传统的基于位置的赞助搜索相比，专注于区分直播电子商务中的产品信息的广告利润更高。当适应依赖性的多产品购买或考虑随机的消费者注意力跨度时，这种管理洞见仍然有效。

Abstract: 

Live-streaming advertising in e-commerce is soaring. Both Amazon and Alibaba have employed this novel marketing model to engage consumers by sequentially exhibiting different products through live-streaming videos. In this paper, we adopt a mechanism design framework to model live-streaming e-commerce as a position auction with endogenous provision of product information. We prove that finding the mechanism that simultaneously optimizes position allocation and information provision is NP-hard. Thus, we develop several approximation algorithms. Building on the connection to the order selection problem, our analysis establishes that heuristics relying solely on product information provision can achieve up to 66.9% of the optimal revenue in the worst case. In contrast, heuristics exploiting position allocation alone may result in arbitrarily large revenue losses. We attribute the efficacy of product information provision to its enhancement of the value of ad spots in position auctions. Our findings suggest that advertising that focuses on differentiating product information—as in live-streaming e-commerce—is more lucrative than conventional position-based sponsored search. This managerial insight remains valid when accommodating multiproduct purchases with dependency or accounting for random consumer attention spans.

3. 协同工作中的消费性工作：战略性地利用消费进行工作

原标题：Consumptive Work in Coworking: Using Consumption Strategically for Work

期刊：Journal of Consumer Research

作者：Adèle Gruen, Fleura Bardhi

出版时间：2025-03-03

DOI：10.1093/jcr/ucaf009

摘要：

消费一直是工作场所的一部分，但它传统上被视为非工作——一种消耗而非创造价值的活动。然而，在知识经济和数字经济中，消费和工作越来越交织在一起，需要从关系的视角来看待消费的生产作用。我们通过为期四年的巴黎和伦敦合作空间人种学，并辅以疫情后的档案数据，来发展这一观点。我们引入消费性工作作为工作场所消费活动的工具化，以产生生产价值。消费性工作是在消费意识形态塑造工作场所文化的后工业社会背景下产生的，导致1）工作场所的顾客权益，2）消费者对工作场所的欲望，以及3）消费者对工作的生活方式渴望。消费性工作的特点是不显眼、无边界、公共和市场交换。虽然它可以赋予权力，但它也助长了新规范的疏离感，尤其是通过表演游戏和休闲，以及对生产性健康的追求。最终，消费性工作强化了消费者对办公室工作和工作场所不断变化的欲望和渴望。本研究推进了工作场所消费与消费意识形态、工作场所异化、新工作方式、连接工作、家庭与休闲的消费者研究等跨学科研究。

Abstract: 

Consumption has always been part of the workplace, yet it has traditionally been seen as nonwork—an activity that depletes rather than creates value. In the knowledge and digital economy, however, consumption and work are becoming increasingly intertwined, calling for a relational perspective on consumption’s productive role. We develop this perspective through a four-year ethnography of coworking spaces across Paris and London, supplemented by post-pandemic archival data. We introduce consumptive work as the instrumentalization of consumption activities in the workplace to generate productive value. Consumptive work emerges within a postindustrial societal context where workplace culture is shaped by consumer ideology, leading to 1) customer entitlement in the workplace, 2) consumer desire toward the workplace, and 3) consumer lifestyle aspirations toward work. Consumptive work is characterized by inconspicuousness, boundarilessness, and communal and market exchange. While it can be empowering, it also fosters neo-normative alienation, particularly through performative play and leisure, and the pursuit of productive wellness. Ultimately, consumptive work reinforces evolving consumer desires and aspirations about office work and workplaces. This study advances interdisciplinary research on consumption and consumption ideology in the workplace, workplace alienation, new ways of working, and consumer research connecting work, home, and leisure.

4. 基于FPTAS的单仓库多零售商问题的启发式（S，T）解

原标题：Heuristic (S,T) Solutions via an FPTAS for a One-Warehouse Multiretailer Problem

期刊：Operations Research

作者：Waleed Najy, Ali Diabat, Khaled Elbassioni

出版时间：2025-03-17

DOI：10.1287/opre.2024.1177

摘要：

在（S，T）策略下分析和优化随机单仓库多零售商问题的难度促使人们需要考虑更容易审查的近似但高保真的系统。我们在零售商面临独立正态分布需求且均值和方差给定（不相同）的情况下考虑这样一个模型。安全库存通过忽略分配问题的I型服务水平公式计算，成本函数基于二次幂（POT）定期订购策略计算。为这个问题找到好的解决方案的一个关键组成部分是解决所涉及的优化模型的连续松弛问题。这样做时，仓库安全库存引入的连接平方根项使这项任务变得复杂，因为对于固定的仓库补货间隔，单个零售商的成本不会解耦。我们通过用精确的分段线性估计取代连接项来缓解这个问题。我们展示了这如何帮助我们为这个问题设计一个完全多项式时间近似方案。由此我们可以得到一个POT政策，对于小的ϵ，对于任何基本规划期，保证为1.061（1+ϵ），当基本规划期被最优选择时，保证为1.021（1+ϵ），这本质上是在确定性结果下的最佳可能保证。我们通过实证研究表明，该算法给出的启发式（S，T）解相对于精确解具有最小次优性。此外，对于少数零售商来说，计算这些解决方案所需的时间是毫秒（与现有最佳方法所需的多个小时形成对比），而对于一个由100万零售商组成的系统，计算这些解决方案所需的时间仅为几分钟。

Abstract: 

The difficulty of analyzing and optimizing the stochastic one-warehouse multiretailer problem under the (S, T) policy motivates the need to consider approximate but high-fidelity systems that are easier to scrutinize. We consider one such model in the setting in which retailers face independent normally distributed demand with given (nonidentical) means and variances. Safety stock is computed via a type-I service-level formula that ignores allocation issues, and the cost function is computed based on a power-of-two (POT) periodic ordering policy. A critical component of finding good solutions for this problem is solving the continuous relaxation of the optimization model involved. In doing so, the linking square root term introduced by the warehouse safety stock complicates this task as the cost does not decouple by individual retailers for a fixed warehouse replenishment interval. We alleviate this issue by substituting the linking term with an accurate piecewise linear estimator. We show how this helps us design a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme for the problem. From this, we can obtain a POT policy that has a guarantee of 1.061（1+ϵ） for small ϵ and for any base planning period and 1.021（1+ϵ） when the base planning period is optimally chosen, which is essentially the best possible guarantee up to the deterministic result. We show via an empirical study that the algorithm proposed returns heuristic (S, T) solutions that exhibit minimal suboptimality relative to the exact solution. Further, the time needed to compute these solutions is milliseconds for a handful of retailers (in contrast to the multiple hours required by the best existing methods) and just a few minutes for a system of one million retailers.

5. 报告监管与企业创新

原标题：Reporting Regulation and Corporate Innovation

期刊：Journal of Accounting and Economics

作者：Matthias Breuer, Christian Leuz, Steven Vanhaverbeke

出版时间：2025-03-12

DOI：10.1016/j.jacceco.2025.101769

摘要：

我们研究了报告监管对企业创新的影响。利用欧洲监管的门槛，我们发现强迫企业披露财务报表减少了创新企业的数量和平均企业的创新支出，但并没有减少全行业的总创新支出。我们的研究结果表明，监管对企业施加了专有成本，这阻碍了创新活动，尤其是较小企业的创新活动。我们还发现，该监管为其他公司（例如，竞争对手、供应商和客户）提供了积极的信息溢出，尤其是规模较大的公司。我们用替代创新措施（包括专利）来补充我们的分析，并通过分析德国执法改革导致的报告变化来证实结果。综上所述，欧洲报告监管对企业创新具有聚集效应和分布效应。重要的是，它似乎将创新活动集中在较少的、主要是较大的公司中，这可能反映我们环境的制度特征或更普遍的经济力量。

Abstract: 

We investigate the impact of reporting regulation on corporate innovation. Exploiting thresholds in Europe’s regulation, we find that forcing firms to disclose financial statements reduces the number of innovating firms and the average firm’s innovation spending, but it does not reduce industry-wide total innovation spending. Our results suggest that the regulation imposes proprietary costs on firms, which discourages innovation activity, especially by smaller firms. We also show that the regulation provides positive information spillovers to other firms (e.g., competitors, suppliers, and customers), especially larger ones. We complement our analysis with alternative innovation measures, including patents, and corroborate the results with an analysis of reporting changes due to an enforcement reform in Germany. In sum, the European reporting regulation has aggregate and distributional effects on corporate innovation. Importantly, it appears to concentrate innovative activities among fewer, mostly larger firms, which could reflect institutional features of our setting or more general economic forces.

6. 数字时代生产链组织：信息技术使用与美国制造业的垂直一体化

原标题：Production Chain Organization in the Digital Age: Information Technology Use and Vertical Integration in U.S. Manufacturing

期刊：Management Science

作者：Chris Forman, Kristina McElheran

出版时间：2025-02-01

DOI：10.1287/mnsc.2019.01586

摘要：

信息技术（IT）的进步可能会影响生产的组织设计。利用互联网在美国的快速传播，我们评估了生产链组织对这种信息技术访问和使用创新的敏感性。扩展公司理论，认识到下游转移（销售相对于采购）和组织设计中的多元治理的重要性，我们预测下游垂直整合中it驱动的转变。在人口普查局对5600多家制造工厂的详细数据面板中，我们观察了生产单位在公司内部的下游交易程度，以及同时向外部客户销售的程度——我们将这种混合称为复数销售。我们的主要发现是，利用互联网进行外部协调，加速了整个制造业下游垂直整合的显著下降。工具变量估计指出了因果关系，但也指出了异质性的治疗效果。多元组织的关键驱动因素，例如跨不同治理事务的互补性和约束，有助于解释这种异质性，内部生产管理IT的并发使用也是如此。我们的研究是第一个利用多元治理框架和大规模微数据来了解美国生产链组织如何应对这种快速而深远的技术变革的研究。

Abstract:

Advances in information technology (IT) may affect the organizational design of production. Exploiting the rapid diffusion of the internet in the United States, we assess the sensitivity of production chain organization to this innovation in IT access and use. Extending theories of the firm that recognize the importance of downstream transfers (selling as opposed to sourcing) and plural governance in organizational design, we predict IT-driven shifts in downstream vertical integration. In a detailed panel of Census Bureau data for over 5,600 manufacturing plants, we observe the extent of a production unit’s downstream transactions within the firm alongside concurrent sales to external customers—a mix we refer to as plural selling. Our main finding is that the use of the internet for external coordination precipitated a significant decline in downstream vertical integration across the manufacturing sector. Instrumental variables estimation points to a causal relationship but also heterogeneous treatment effects. Key drivers of plural organization, such as complementarities and constraints across differently governed transactions, help explain such heterogeneity, as does concurrent use of internal production management IT. Our study is the first study to leverage a plural governance framework and large-scale microdata to understand how U.S. production chain organization shifted in response to this rapid and far-reaching technological change.

7. 消费者数据中的选择架构、隐私估值和选择偏差

原标题：Choice Architecture, Privacy Valuations, and Selection Bias in Consumer Data

期刊：Marketing Science

作者：Tesary Lin, Avner Strulov-Shlain

出版时间：2025-03-17

DOI：10.1287/mksc.2023.0373

摘要：

在数据收集期间使用的choice架构如何影响收集的数据在数量（有多少人共享）和代表性（谁共享数据）方面的质量？为了回答这个问题，我们进行了一个大规模的选择实验，以得出消费者对其Facebook数据的估值，同时随机选择两个常见的选择框架：默认和价格锚。与选择加入相比，选择退出违约会降低22%的估值，而0美元至50美元的价格锚相比，50美元至100美元的价格锚会降低37%的估值。此外，部分消费者群体受帧影响较大，平均隐私估值较低。因此，旨在最大化数据量的传统帧优化实践可能会加剧偏差，降低数据质量。我们在数据中展示了这种体积偏差权衡的重要性，并提供了一个框架，为最优选择架构设计提供信息。

Abstract: 

How does choice architecture used during data collection influence the quality of collected data in terms of volume (how many people share) and representativeness (who shares data)? To answer this question, we run a large-scale choice experiment to elicit consumers’ valuation for their Facebook data while randomizing two common choice frames: default and price anchor. An opt-out default decreases valuations by 22% compared with opt-in, whereas a $0–$50 price anchor decreases valuations by 37% compared with a $50–$100 anchor. Moreover, some consumer segments are influenced by frames more while having lower average privacy valuations. As a result, conventional frame optimization practices that aim to maximize data volume can exacerbate bias and lower data quality. We demonstrate the magnitude of this volume-bias trade-off in our data and provide a framework to inform optimal choice architecture design.