1. 什么使活动具有战略意义：迈向战略作为实践研究的新框架

原标题：What makes activities strategic: Toward a new framework for strategy-as-practice research

期刊：Strategic Management Journal

作者：Violetta Splitter, David Seidl, Shenghui Ma

出版时间：2024-09-18

DOI：10.1002/smj.3668

摘要：

研究摘要战略作为实践是战略研究中最具活力的方法之一。然而，对于将一项活动定性为战略活动，从而将其归入战略和实践领域，存在着明显的模糊性。在本文中，我们通过区分将活动定性为战略活动的四种不同观点来解决这一根本问题：（1）具有重要后果的活动，（2）标记为战略的活动，（3）策略师开展的活动，以及（4）执行重要循环模式的活动。每一种观点都与不同的研究问题相关联，从而产生不同的研究见解。我们将讨论这四种观点如何共同形成一个新的研究框架，从而拓展战略的概念，进而拓展战略管理的研究领域。管理摘要战略作为实践，是研究以战略活动为核心的战略管理的重要途径。然而，关于什么是战略活动，存在明显的模糊性。在本文中，我们确定了对这个问题的四种不同观点：（1）具有重要后果的活动，（2）被标记为战略的活动，（3）策略师执行的活动，以及（4）执行重要活动循环模式的活动。每一种观点都与不同的问题相关联，因此也与不同类型的洞见相关联。我们建议，这四种观点共同构成一个研究框架，揭示战略实践与其他战略研究领域之间的独特联系，并扩展我们的战略概念，进而拓展战略管理领域。

Abstract: 

Research Abstract: Strategy as practice is one of the most vibrant approaches to strategy research. Yet, there is significant ambiguity around what characterizes an activity as strategic and thus as falling into the domain of strategy as practice. In this article, we address this fundamental concern by differentiating four distinctive views of what qualifies activities as strategic: (1) activities that have important consequences, (2) activities that are labeled strategic, (3) activities carried out by strategists, and (4) activities that perform an important recurrent pattern. Each of these views is associated with different research questions resulting in different research insights. We discuss how the four views together form a new research framework that expands the notion of strategy and thereby the research domain of strategic management. Managerial Summary: Strategy as practice is an important approach to studying strategic management that focuses on strategic activities. However, there is significant ambiguity around what characterizes activities as strategic. In this article, we identify four different views on this question: (1) activities that have important consequences, (2) activities that are labeled strategic, (3) activities carried out by strategists, and (4) activities that perform an important recurrent pattern of activities. Each of these views is associated with different questions and thus with different types of insights. We suggest that the four views together form a research framework that reveals distinctive links between strategy as practice and other lines of strategy research and that expands our notion of strategy and thereby the domain of strategic management.

2. 利用跨国公司应对气候变化的能力：金融视角

原标题：Leveraging the capabilities of multinational firms to address climate change: a finance perspective

期刊：Journal of International Business Studies

作者：Franklin Allen, Adelina Barbalau, Federica Zeni

出版时间：2025-01-10

DOI：10.1057/s41267-024-00748-w

摘要：

气候变化及其相关的碳减排问题已上升到全球政策制定者的议程上。然而，协调监管等事项上的全球协调一直受到重大政治摩擦的影响，事实证明，为发展中经济体转型融资所需的大规模政府间转移支付很难筹集。最近，私营部门对气候变化做出了相当大的回应，利益相关者对企业施加了更多压力，金融市场动员越来越多的资本来减少负外部性。我们认为，尽管跨国企业（MNE）是问题的主要贡献者，但它们可以成为解决方案的重要组成部分——它们具有独特的特征，使它们能够在应对气候变化的斗争中发挥重要作用。跨国公司在治理、融资和技术方面拥有广泛而高效的内部市场，这使它们能够规避针对具体国家的气候行动摩擦，如异构监管、腐败和缺乏技术。我们分析了如何设计不同的公共和私人激励机制，以利用跨国公司的独特特征，重新调整它们的激励，并发挥它们在经济脱碳中发挥作用的潜力。最后，我们讨论了挑战、机遇和未来研究。

Abstract: 

Climate change and the associated issue of curbing carbon emissions have risen on the agenda of policymakers worldwide. However, global coordination on matters such as harmonized regulation has been subject to significant political frictions, and the large intergovernmental transfers needed to finance the transition of developing economies have proven hard to raise. Recently, there have been considerable responses to climate change from the private sector, with stakeholders placing more pressure on firms, and financial markets mobilizing increasingly more capital towards the reduction of negative externalities. We argue that although multinational enterprises (MNEs) have been a major contributor to the problem, they can be an important part of the solution – they have unique features that enable them to play an important role in the fight against climate change. MNEs have extensive and efficient internal markets for governance, financing, and technology, which enable them to circumvent country-specific frictions to climate action such as heterogeneous regulation, corruption, and the lack of technology. We analyze how different public and private incentive mechanisms could be designed to leverage MNEs’ unique features, realign their incentives, and engage their potential to play a role in decarbonizing the economy. Lastly, we discuss challenges, opportunities, and future research.

3. 有时，永远，永远：监管清晰与数字金融发展

原标题：Sometimes, Always, Never: Regulatory Clarity and the Development of Digital Financing

期刊：Management Science

作者：Zhenkai Ran, P. Raghavendra Rau, Tania Ziegler

出版时间：2025-01-17

DOI：10.1287/mnsc.2023.01538

摘要：

这项研究考察了法律法规的细节水平如何影响众筹。我们发现，在全球数字金融样本中，清晰、明确的监管显著提升了众筹量。在一系列差异回归的差异中，我们使用代理来衡量三类国家的监管细节——有时、总是或从未有过监管的国家——显示监管透明度与债务众筹水平之间存在显著的正相关。对股权众筹水平影响不大。明确的监管似乎鼓励创建新的众筹平台，而不是将活动集中在现有平台上。

Abstract: 

This study examines how the level of detail in legal regulations impacts crowdfunding. We find that clear, explicit regulations significantly boost crowdfunding volumes in a global sample of digital finance. Using proxies to measure regulatory detail in three types of countries—countries that sometimes, always, or never had regulation—in a series of difference-in-difference regressions, we show a significant positive relation between regulatory clarity and the level of debt crowdfunding. There is little effect on the level of equity crowdfunding. Clear regulations appear to encourage the creation of new crowdfunding platforms rather than concentrating activity in existing ones.

4. 设计信息以吸引客户

原标题：Designing Information to Engage Customers

期刊：Management Science

作者：Liang Guo

出版时间：2025-01-20

DOI：10.1287/mnsc.2022.03503

摘要：

协同定制在很多市场都很常见。卖家和客户可以集体发现产品基本设计的价值。客户的支付意愿也可以通过参与改进产品设计来提高。我们研究卖家如何设计集体学习产品基本价值的信息结构，以诱导成本高昂的客户参与。我们考虑这样一种环境，即双方的预期收益是通过卖方定价与客户参与和购买之间的战略互动内生确定的。客户往往处于均衡状态，因为产品基本价值的不确定性变得更高，稀释了最优价格对客户敬业度的响应。因此，卖方寻求最大化产生中间后验信念的概率。因此，最优的信息设计要么是夸大产品的基本价值，要么是淡化产品的基本价值，分别在优先级较低或较高时进行。我们发现，考虑限制性信息结构可能会产生质的不同影响。我们还研究了参与的不可观察性如何影响双方的战略互动、预期收益以及卖方的最优信息设计。有趣的是，不可观察性可能导致均衡参与度降低，伤害卖方，使得客户的均衡预期收益随着客户参与度变得不那么重要或成本更高而增加，并产生更多或更少的信息提供。

Abstract: 

Collaborative customization is common in many markets. Sellers and customers can collectively discover the value of the product’s basic design. Customers’ willingness to pay can also be increased by being engaged to improve the product design. We study how a seller can design the information structure of collective learning about the product’s basic value to induce costly customer engagement. We consider a setting in which the parties’ expected payoffs are determined endogenously through the strategic interaction between seller pricing and customer engagement and purchase. The customer tends to be engaged in equilibrium, as the uncertainty on the product’s basic value becomes higher to dilute the responsiveness of the optimal price to customer engagement. Therefore, the seller seeks to maximize the probability of generating an intermediate posterior belief. Thus, the optimal information design involves either exaggerating or downplaying the product’s basic value when the prior is low or high, respectively. We show that considering restrictive information structures can generate qualitatively different implications. We also examine how the unobservability of engagement may influence the parties’ strategic interaction, their expected payoffs, and the seller-optimal information design. Interestingly, unobservability may lead to lower equilibrium engagement, hurt the seller, render the customer’s equilibrium expected payoff to increase as customer engagement becomes less important or more costly, and yield more or less information provision.

5. 机器数据：市场与分析

原标题：Machine Data: Market and Analytics

期刊：Management Science

作者：Giacomo Calzolari, Anatole Cheysson, Riccardo Rovatti

出版时间：2025-01-23

DOI：10.1287/mnsc.2023.00674

摘要：

机器数据（MD），即机器生成的数据，正变得越来越重要，可能超过广泛讨论的个人数据的价值。我们对MD市场进行了理论分析，解决了数据碎片化、产权模糊以及MD的公益性质等挑战。我们考虑生产数据的机器用户和提供MD分析服务的数据聚合器（例如，带有用于实时模拟和优化的数字双胞胎）。通过分析机器学习算法，我们确定了MD分析价值、规模、范围和协同效应的关键属性。我们利用这些属性探索市场场景，包括匿名和秘密签约、MD生产商之间的竞争，以及多个竞争聚合商。我们发现了显著的低效率和市场失灵，强调了细微政策干预的必要性。

Abstract: 

Machine data (MD), that is, data generated by machines, are increasingly gaining importance, potentially surpassing the value of the extensively discussed personal data. We present a theoretical analysis of the MD market, addressing challenges such as data fragmentation, ambiguous property rights, and the public-good nature of MD. We consider machine users producing data and data aggregators providing MD analytics services (e.g., with digital twins for real-time simulation and optimization). By analyzing machine learning algorithms, we identify critical properties for the value of MD analytics, Scale, Scope, and Synergy. We leverage these properties to explore market scenarios, including anonymous and secret contracting, competition among MD producers, and multiple competing aggregators. We identify significant inefficiencies and market failures, highlighting the need for nuanced policy interventions.

6. AI正在取代谁？生成AI对在线自由职业平台的影响

原标题：Who Is AI Replacing? The Impact of Generative AI on Online Freelancing Platforms

期刊：Management Science

作者：Ozge Demirci, Jonas Hannane, Xinrong Zhu

出版时间：2025-01-24

DOI：10.1287/mnsc.2024.05420

摘要：

本文利用全球领先的自由职业者平台提供的大型数据集，研究了生成性人工智能（AI）技术对在线自由职业者需求的影响。我们确定了更受生成AI影响的工作类型，并量化了异质性影响的程度。我们的研究结果显示，在引入ChatGPT后的8个月内，与需要手工密集型技能的工作相比，与写作和编码相关的自动化倾向性工作的岗位数量减少了21%。我们发现，工作岗位数量的减少增加了自由职业者之间的竞争，而剩下的易于自动化的工作更为复杂，薪酬也更高。我们还发现，图像生成AI技术的引入导致与图像创建相关的岗位数量减少了17%。我们使用谷歌趋势（Google Trends）来表明，在自动化倾向的工作中，对自由职业者的需求下降得更明显，与他们对ChatGPT可替代性的更高公众意识相关。

Abstract: 

This paper studies the impact of generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies on the demand for online freelancers using a large data set from a leading global freelancing platform. We identify the types of jobs that are more affected by generative AI and quantify the magnitude of the heterogeneous impact. Our findings indicate a 21% decrease in the number of job posts for automation-prone jobs related to writing and coding compared with jobs requiring manual-intensive skills within eight months after the introduction of ChatGPT. We show that the reduction in the number of job posts increases competition among freelancers, whereas the remaining automation-prone jobs are of greater complexity and offer higher pay. We also find that the introduction of image-generating AI technologies led to a 17% decrease in the number of job posts related to image creation. We use Google Trends to show that the more pronounced decline in the demand for freelancers within automation-prone jobs correlates with their higher public awareness of ChatGPT’s substitutability.

7. 社区参与式学区设计：基于流的方法

原标题：Community-Engaged School District Design: A Stream-Based Approach

期刊：Operations Research

作者：Aysu Ozel, Karen Smilowitz, Lila K. S. Goldstein

出版时间：2025-01-23

DOI：10.1287/opre.2022.0621

摘要：

公共学区设计中的全面社区参与，对于创建反映社区需求和价值观的公平有效的招生政策至关重要。我们重新审视学区设计问题，重点关注与社区合作伙伴的代码设计。我们引入了一个新的紧凑公式，通过将每个地理单元中的学生分配到一组学校（例如，小学、初中、高中，以及有专门编程的学校），同时包含多个决策，其中包含一个复合变量，称为“流”。该公式计算效率高，易于重新配置，以适应社区协同设计特有的不断演变的问题规范。这些特征在本文所述的学区重新设计过程中至关重要，使社区能够反复制定解决受教育机会不平等问题的建议，并改善学生分配过程。

Abstract: 

Comprehensive community engagement in public school district design is essential to create equitable and effective enrollment policies reflective of community needs and values. We revisit the school district design problem with a focus on codesigning with community partners. We introduce a new compact formulation that incorporates multiple decisions simultaneously by assigning students in each geographic unit to a set of schools (e.g., elementary, middle, and high schools, and schools with specialized programming) with a single composite variable, referred to as a “stream.” This formulation is computationally efficient and easily reconfigurable for evolving problem specifications that are endemic to community codesign. These features were essential in the district redesign process described in this paper, allowing the community to iteratively develop proposals to address inequities in access to education and improve the student assignment process.